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\begin{document}


\section*{Appendix}


\begin{landscape}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{Minimum} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mean} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Median} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Standard Deviation} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Maximum} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Countries Available} \\
\midrule

Certification & 0 & 0.273 & 0 & 0.446 & 1 & 30  \\
Foreign Ownership & 0 & 0.072 & 0 & 0.24  & 1 & 30  \\
Export Orientation  & 0 & 0.112 & 0 & 0.26  & 1 & 30  \\
Regulatory Burden & 0 & 1.938 & 2.398 & 1.361 & 4.615 & 30  \\
Firm Age  & 0 & 2.533 & 2.565 & 0.708 & 5.215 & 30  \\
Firm Size  & 0 & 3.46  & 3.258 & 1.434 & 9.945 & 30  \\
Subsidiary  & 0 & 0.101 & 0 & 0.302 & 1 & 30  \\
State Ownership & 0 & 0.035 & 0 & 0.184 & 1 & 30  \\
Service Sector  & 0 & 0.549 & 1 & 0.498 & 1 & 30  \\
GDP per Capita  & 1.922 & 12.682  & 12.714  & 7.048 & 29.212  & 30  \\
Democracy & -9  & 5.058 & 7 & 5.578 & 10  & 30  \\
Former Soviet & 0 & 0.521 & 1 & 0.5 & 1 & 30  \\
EU Member & 0 & 0.261 & 0 & 0.439 & 1 & 30  \\
FDI per GDP & 0 & 0.074 & 0.06  & 0.069 & 0.41  & 30  \\
Exports per GDP & 0.147 & 0.43  & 0.408 & 0.183 & 0.83  & 30  \\
WGI Corruption  & -1.097  & -0.378  & -0.363  & 0.554 & 0.918 & 30  \\
CPI Corruption  & 1.8 & 3.446 & 3.2 & 1.411 & 6.7 & 29  \\
WGI Gov. Effectiveness  & -1.126  & -0.127  & -0.244  & 0.599 & 1.201 & 30  \\
NIT Corruption  & -6.5  & -4.956  & -5.5  & 1.321 & -2.5  & 28  \\

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Summary statistics for the variables included in the models, among 10,017 firms in 30 countries unless otherwise specified.}
\end{table}








%omit eu
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership    & 0.529^{***}   & 1.370^{***}  & 0.435^{**}     & 1.515^{***}  & 0.662^{***}  & 1.236^{***}    & 0.466^{**}    & 1.467^{***}  \\
               & (0.186)      & (0.185)      & (0.183)       & (0.188)      & (0.184)      & (0.187)        & (0.191)      & (0.203)      \\
Export Orientation   & -0.130       & 0.919^{***}  & -0.083        & 0.805^{***}  & 0.025        & 0.484^{**}      & 0.031        & 0.922^{***}  \\
               & (0.143)      & (0.219)      & (0.142)       & (0.225)      & (0.147)      & (0.203)        & (0.182)      & (0.256)      \\
Regulatory Burden     & 0.072^{**}    & -0.152^{***} & 0.065^{**}     & -0.147^{***} & -0.001       & -0.087^{**}     & 0.005        & -0.165^{***} \\
               & (0.032)      & (0.035)      & (0.031)       & (0.037)      & (0.029)      & (0.039)        & (0.039)      & (0.040)      \\
Firm Age        & 0.145^{**}    & -0.056       & 0.122^{*} & -0.029       & 0.165^{***}   & -0.120^{*} & 0.064        & -0.037       \\
               & (0.063)      & (0.063)      & (0.062)       & (0.065)      & (0.058)      & (0.070)        & (0.069)      & (0.073)      \\
Firm Size       & 0.469^{***}  & 0.512^{***}  & 0.480^{***}   & 0.464^{***}  & 0.464^{***}  & 0.508^{***}    & 0.477^{***}  & 0.490^{***}  \\
               & (0.034)      & (0.037)      & (0.034)       & (0.037)      & (0.031)      & (0.041)        & (0.040)      & (0.041)      \\
Subsidiary     & 0.179        & 0.729^{***}  & 0.228         & 0.697^{***}  & 0.379^{***}   & 0.644^{***}    & 0.520^{***}   & 0.662^{***}  \\
               & (0.143)      & (0.126)      & (0.139)       & (0.130)      & (0.128)      & (0.142)        & (0.160)      & (0.144)      \\
State Ownership     & 0.138        & -0.006       & 0.196         & 0.032        & 0.141        & 0.038          & 0.105        & 0.043        \\
               & (0.226)      & (0.218)      & (0.239)       & (0.209)      & (0.229)      & (0.212)        & (0.223)      & (0.227)      \\
Service Sector        & -0.704^{***} & -0.567^{***} & -0.678^{***}  & -0.636^{***} & -0.706^{***} & -0.564^{***}   & -0.645^{***} & -0.636^{***} \\
               & (0.094)      & (0.102)      & (0.093)       & (0.106)      & (0.090)      & (0.106)        & (0.105)      & (0.115)      \\
\midrule
Observations      & 3318           & 4081           & 3387            & 3824           & 3881           & 3518             & 2834           & 3213           \\
Countries    & 10         & 10         & 10         & 9         & 10         & 10         & 10         & 8         \\
AIC            & 3601.456       & 3228.604       & 3659.191        & 3044.703       & 4106.557       & 2766.428         & 2770.033       & 2542.901       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check omitting EU member countries. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}







%(counts "in process" as no cert)
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership    & 0.298^{**}     & 1.068^{***}  & 0.215         & 1.191^{***}  & 0.473^{***}   & 0.838^{***}   & 0.157        & 1.221^{***}  \\
               & (0.137)       & (0.149)      & (0.135)       & (0.150)      & (0.144)      & (0.143)       & (0.138)      & (0.163)      \\
Export Orientation   & 0.244^{*} & 0.377^{**}    & 0.225^{*} & 0.398^{**}    & 0.274^{**}    & 0.297^{*} & 0.369^{**}    & 0.495^{***}   \\
               & (0.125)       & (0.166)      & (0.128)       & (0.160)      & (0.126)      & (0.165)       & (0.146)      & (0.186)      \\
Regulatory Burden     & 0.052^{*} & -0.073^{**}   & 0.073^{**}     & -0.100^{***}  & 0.114^{***}  & -0.130^{***}  & 0.029        & -0.092^{***}  \\
               & (0.029)       & (0.030)      & (0.029)       & (0.030)      & (0.030)      & (0.029)       & (0.035)      & (0.032)      \\
Firm Age        & 0.246^{***}   & -0.059       & 0.219^{***}   & -0.016       & 0.238^{***}  & -0.032        & 0.191^{***}   & -0.048       \\
               & (0.057)       & (0.056)      & (0.058)       & (0.055)      & (0.059)      & (0.053)       & (0.063)      & (0.060)      \\
Firm Size       & 0.549^{***}   & 0.506^{***}  & 0.552^{***}   & 0.493^{***}  & 0.550^{***}  & 0.511^{***}   & 0.587^{***}  & 0.481^{***}  \\
               & (0.029)       & (0.031)      & (0.029)       & (0.031)      & (0.030)      & (0.030)       & (0.033)      & (0.034)      \\
Subsidiary     & 0.289^{**}     & 0.640^{***}  & 0.295^{**}     & 0.626^{***}  & 0.287^{**}    & 0.585^{***}   & 0.413^{***}   & 0.697^{***}  \\
               & (0.115)       & (0.114)      & (0.115)       & (0.115)      & (0.122)      & (0.109)       & (0.127)      & (0.122)      \\
State Ownership     & 0.022         & 0.103        & 0.265         & -0.026       & 0.016        & 0.139         & 0.021        & 0.009        \\
               & (0.213)       & (0.191)      & (0.242)       & (0.180)      & (0.250)      & (0.173)       & (0.211)      & (0.203)      \\
Service Sector        & -0.505^{***}  & -0.516^{***} & -0.463^{***}  & -0.564^{***} & -0.495^{***} & -0.505^{***}  & -0.471^{***} & -0.536^{***} \\
               & (0.080)       & (0.085)      & (0.081)       & (0.086)      & (0.083)      & (0.082)       & (0.087)      & (0.092)      \\
\midrule
Observations      & 4549            & 5468           & 4366            & 5463           & 4384           & 5633            & 3745           & 4920           \\
Countries    & 15         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 14         \\
AIC            & 4886.586        & 4463.072       & 4767.500        & 4444.360       & 4608.768       & 4735.307        & 3928.444       & 3892.839       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check counting firms with certification ``in process'' as non-certified. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}





%(counts "dont know" as NA instead of 0)
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership    & 0.298^{**}     & 1.108^{***}  & 0.216         & 1.230^{***}  & 0.477^{***}    & 0.863^{***}  & 0.165         & 1.258^{***}  \\
               & (0.138)       & (0.150)      & (0.137)       & (0.151)      & (0.145)       & (0.145)      & (0.139)       & (0.164)      \\
Export Orientation   & 0.244^{*} & 0.394^{**}    & 0.227^{*} & 0.375^{**}    & 0.235^{*} & 0.395^{**}    & 0.361^{**}     & 0.503^{***}   \\
               & (0.125)       & (0.165)      & (0.128)       & (0.158)      & (0.126)       & (0.164)      & (0.146)       & (0.185)      \\
Regulatory Burden     & 0.068^{**}     & -0.084^{***}  & 0.089^{***}    & -0.103^{***} & 0.120^{***}   & -0.128^{***} & 0.056^{*} & -0.106^{***} \\
               & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.034)       & (0.031)      \\
Firm Age        & 0.202^{***}   & -0.049       & 0.209^{***}   & -0.034       & 0.204^{***}   & -0.033       & 0.128^{**}     & -0.034       \\
               & (0.056)       & (0.055)      & (0.058)       & (0.054)      & (0.059)       & (0.052)      & (0.062)       & (0.059)      \\
Firm Size       & 0.553^{***}   & 0.513^{***}  & 0.561^{***}   & 0.495^{***}  & 0.557^{***}   & 0.515^{***}  & 0.585^{***}   & 0.486^{***}  \\
               & (0.029)       & (0.031)      & (0.029)       & (0.031)      & (0.030)       & (0.030)      & (0.032)       & (0.033)      \\
Subsidiary     & 0.207^{*} & 0.703^{***}  & 0.220^{*} & 0.664^{***}  & 0.234^{*} & 0.605^{***}  & 0.382^{***}    & 0.697^{***}  \\
               & (0.116)       & (0.113)      & (0.117)       & (0.113)      & (0.122)       & (0.109)      & (0.128)       & (0.121)      \\
State Ownership     & 0.404^{*} & 0.017        & 0.501^{**}     & 0.047        & 0.472^{*} & 0.084        & 0.339         & -0.010       \\
               & (0.217)       & (0.191)      & (0.254)       & (0.176)      & (0.251)       & (0.174)      & (0.215)       & (0.202)      \\
Service Sector        & -0.511^{***}  & -0.619^{***} & -0.507^{***}  & -0.621^{***} & -0.503^{***}  & -0.601^{***} & -0.498^{***}  & -0.610^{***} \\
               & (0.079)       & (0.083)      & (0.080)       & (0.084)      & (0.082)       & (0.080)      & (0.086)       & (0.090)      \\
\midrule
Observations      & 4504            & 5401           & 4313            & 5406           & 4352            & 5553           & 3709            & 4851           \\
Countries    & 15         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 14         \\
AIC            & 4981.284        & 4594.911       & 4817.070        & 4611.520       & 4702.875        & 4872.575       & 4035.706        & 4009.951       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check counting firms responding ``don't know'' as missing values on the dependent variable. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}



%exports/foreign>0
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership & 0.221^{*} & 0.804^{***}  & 0.090        & 0.936^{***}  & 0.365^{***}    & 0.646^{***}  & 0.078         & 0.916^{***}  \\
                             & (0.113)       & (0.116)      & (0.114)      & (0.114)      & (0.119)       & (0.112)      & (0.116)       & (0.123)      \\
Export Orientation & 0.616^{***}   & 0.735^{***}  & 0.654^{***}  & 0.680^{***}  & 0.634^{***}   & 0.690^{***}  & 0.644^{***}   & 0.710^{***}  \\
                             & (0.079)       & (0.095)      & (0.080)      & (0.095)      & (0.082)       & (0.092)      & (0.089)       & (0.105)      \\
Regulatory Burden                   & 0.062^{**}     & -0.079^{***}  & 0.083^{***}   & -0.100^{***} & 0.117^{***}   & -0.126^{***} & 0.049         & -0.100^{***}  \\
                             & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.029)      & (0.030)      & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.034)       & (0.032)      \\
Firm Age                      & 0.199^{***}   & -0.050       & 0.204^{***}  & -0.038       & 0.202^{***}   & -0.037       & 0.131^{**}     & -0.039       \\
                             & (0.056)       & (0.055)      & (0.058)      & (0.054)      & (0.059)       & (0.053)      & (0.062)       & (0.059)      \\
Firm Size                     & 0.506^{***}   & 0.460^{***}  & 0.512^{***}  & 0.446^{***}  & 0.503^{***}   & 0.471^{***}  & 0.549^{***}   & 0.440^{***}  \\
                             & (0.028)       & (0.031)      & (0.029)      & (0.031)      & (0.029)       & (0.030)      & (0.032)       & (0.034)      \\
Subsidiary                   & 0.217^{*} & 0.679^{***}  & 0.230^{**}    & 0.658^{***}  & 0.260^{**}     & 0.570^{***}  & 0.394^{***}    & 0.663^{***}  \\
                             & (0.115)       & (0.113)      & (0.116)      & (0.113)      & (0.122)       & (0.108)      & (0.126)       & (0.121)      \\
State Ownership                   & 0.420^{*} & -0.014       & 0.543^{**}    & -0.004       & 0.495^{*} & 0.059        & 0.359^{*} & -0.044       \\
                             & (0.217)       & (0.193)      & (0.251)      & (0.179)      & (0.253)       & (0.174)      & (0.215)       & (0.203)      \\
Service Sector                      & -0.356^{***}  & -0.502^{***} & -0.350^{***} & -0.501^{***} & -0.354^{***}  & -0.478^{***} & -0.357^{***}  & -0.506^{***} \\
                             & (0.079)       & (0.084)      & (0.080)      & (0.085)      & (0.082)       & (0.081)      & (0.085)       & (0.091)      \\
\midrule
Observations                    & 4549            & 5468           & 4366           & 5463           & 4384            & 5633           & 3745            & 4920           \\
Countries    & 15         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 14         \\
AIC                          & 4982.864        & 4579.061       & 4822.890       & 4586.099       & 4686.817        & 4872.941       & 4039.402        & 4008.141       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check using dichotomous versions of Foreign Ownership and Export Orientation, equal to one for any values above zero. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}





%exports/foreign>0.1
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership & 0.232^{**}     & 0.882^{***}  & 0.121         & 0.996^{***}  & 0.414^{***}   & 0.680^{***}  & 0.089        & 0.996^{***}  \\
                               & (0.116)       & (0.118)      & (0.117)       & (0.117)      & (0.122)       & (0.115)      & (0.119)      & (0.126)      \\
Export Orientation & 0.431^{***}   & 0.577^{***}  & 0.417^{***}   & 0.600^{***}  & 0.434^{***}   & 0.547^{***}  & 0.498^{***}  & 0.588^{***}  \\
                               & (0.084)       & (0.107)      & (0.085)       & (0.106)      & (0.087)       & (0.103)      & (0.097)      & (0.119)      \\
Regulatory Burden                     & 0.064^{**}     & -0.080^{***}  & 0.086^{***}    & -0.102^{***} & 0.120^{***}   & -0.127^{***} & 0.052        & -0.103^{***}  \\
                               & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.029)       & (0.030)      & (0.029)       & (0.029)      & (0.034)      & (0.032)      \\
Firm Age                        & 0.208^{***}   & -0.044       & 0.212^{***}   & -0.029       & 0.210^{***}   & -0.028       & 0.136^{**}    & -0.030       \\
                               & (0.056)       & (0.055)      & (0.058)       & (0.054)      & (0.058)       & (0.053)      & (0.062)      & (0.059)      \\
Firm Size                       & 0.521^{***}   & 0.484^{***}  & 0.529^{***}   & 0.465^{***}  & 0.521^{***}   & 0.490^{***}  & 0.558^{***}  & 0.464^{***}  \\
                               & (0.028)       & (0.031)      & (0.029)       & (0.031)      & (0.029)       & (0.030)      & (0.032)      & (0.033)      \\
Subsidiary                     & 0.220^{*} & 0.685^{***}  & 0.228^{**}     & 0.664^{***}  & 0.241^{**}     & 0.588^{***}  & 0.384^{***}   & 0.680^{***}  \\
                               & (0.114)       & (0.112)      & (0.115)       & (0.113)      & (0.121)       & (0.108)      & (0.126)      & (0.120)      \\
State Ownership                     & 0.370^{*} & -0.003       & 0.480^{*} & 0.001        & 0.458^{*} & 0.047        & 0.304        & -0.034       \\
                               & (0.216)       & (0.192)      & (0.250)       & (0.178)      & (0.252)       & (0.174)      & (0.214)      & (0.202)      \\
Service Sector                        & -0.426^{***}  & -0.565^{***} & -0.435^{***}  & -0.547^{***} & -0.426^{***}  & -0.540^{***} & -0.411^{***} & -0.565^{***} \\
                               & (0.079)       & (0.083)      & (0.080)       & (0.084)      & (0.082)       & (0.080)      & (0.085)      & (0.090)      \\
\midrule
Observations                      & 4549            & 5468           & 4366            & 5463           & 4384            & 5633           & 3745           & 4920           \\
Countries    & 15         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 14         \\
AIC                            & 5017.320        & 4607.114       & 4865.221        & 4603.691       & 4720.859        & 4902.698       & 4065.734       & 4024.596       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check using dichotomous versions of Foreign Ownership and Export Orientation, equal to one for any values above 0.1. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}




%competition vars
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
 \toprule
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
Institutional Measure  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{CPI Corruption} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{WGI Gov. Effectiveness} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NIT Corruption} \\
Institutional Quality  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak} \\
\midrule
Foreign vs. Domestic Pressure & 0.057^{***}  & 0.097^{***}  & 0.039^{**}    & 0.117^{***}  & 0.064^{***}  & 0.089^{***}  & 0.062^{***}   & 0.099^{***}  \\
                         & (0.015)      & (0.016)      & (0.015)      & (0.016)      & (0.016)      & (0.015)      & (0.017)       & (0.018)      \\
Regulatory Burden               & 0.067^{**}    & -0.074^{**}   & 0.087^{***}   & -0.091^{***}  & 0.118^{***}  & -0.119^{***} & 0.058^{*} & -0.091^{***}  \\
                         & (0.029)      & (0.030)      & (0.029)      & (0.030)      & (0.030)      & (0.029)      & (0.034)       & (0.032)      \\
Firm Age                  & 0.216^{***}  & -0.078       & 0.233^{***}  & -0.077       & 0.212^{***}  & -0.053       & 0.135^{**}     & -0.075       \\
                         & (0.057)      & (0.055)      & (0.058)      & (0.055)      & (0.059)      & (0.053)      & (0.062)       & (0.059)      \\
Firm Size                 & 0.554^{***}  & 0.539^{***}  & 0.549^{***}  & 0.535^{***}  & 0.554^{***}  & 0.543^{***}  & 0.574^{***}   & 0.535^{***}  \\
                         & (0.028)      & (0.031)      & (0.028)      & (0.031)      & (0.029)      & (0.030)      & (0.032)       & (0.033)      \\
Subsidiary               & 0.280^{**}    & 0.760^{***}  & 0.264^{**}    & 0.771^{***}  & 0.355^{***}   & 0.659^{***}  & 0.440^{***}   & 0.770^{***}  \\
                         & (0.113)      & (0.114)      & (0.113)      & (0.113)      & (0.119)      & (0.109)      & (0.124)       & (0.121)      \\
State Ownership               & 0.467^{**}    & -0.144       & 0.543^{**}    & -0.119       & 0.572^{**}    & -0.038       & 0.374^{*} & -0.203       \\
                         & (0.225)      & (0.193)      & (0.254)      & (0.181)      & (0.265)      & (0.174)      & (0.218)       & (0.206)      \\
Service Sector                  & -0.524^{***} & -0.627^{***} & -0.536^{***} & -0.625^{***} & -0.522^{***} & -0.604^{***} & -0.506^{***}  & -0.652^{***} \\
                         & (0.077)      & (0.084)      & (0.077)      & (0.084)      & (0.079)      & (0.080)      & (0.082)       & (0.091)      \\
\midrule
Observations                & 4401           & 5165           & 4215           & 5165           & 4220           & 5346           & 3596            & 4638           \\
Countries    & 15         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 15         & 15         & 14         & 14         \\
AIC                      & 4856.486       & 4422.987       & 4733.873       & 4398.661       & 4563.576       & 4706.241       & 3936.593        & 3842.842       \\
\bottomrule
\vspace{-2mm}\\
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\textsuperscript{***}$p<0.01$, 
  \textsuperscript{**}$p<0.05$, 
  \textsuperscript{*}$p<0.1$}
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Robustness check measuring exposure to external audiences as the difference between pressure from foreign competitors and pressure from domestic competitors. Results from logistic regression models of ISO certification in split samples of firm-level data. Strong institutional quality models include countries at or above median value of each institutional measure, while weak institutional quality models include countries below the median. All models include country fixed effects.}
\end{center}
\end{table}











\end{landscape}

\clearpage
\newpage

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}D{.}{.}{6.5} @{}}
\toprule
& \multicolumn{1}{c}{Strong Institutions} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Weak Institutions} \\
\midrule
Foreign Ownership & 0 & 0 \\
Export Orientation  & 0 & 0 \\
Regulatory Burden & 2.398 & 1.946 \\
Firm Age  & 2.708 & 2.485 \\
Firrm Size  & 3.402 & 3.219 \\
Subsidiary  & 0 & 0 \\
State Ownership & 0 & 0 \\
Service Sector  & 1 & 1 \\

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Median values of variables used in hypothetical scenarios for simulations resulting in Figure 1. All variables except for those explicitly being varied are set to these values.}
\end{table}







\subsection*{Original Survey Questions}

\subsubsection{Certification}
Does this establishment have an internationally-recognized quality certification?
\newline
(INTERVIEWER: If there is need for clarification, some examples are: ISO 9000, 9002 or 14000.)
\newline
\emph{Response:} Yes/No/Still in process/Don't know (spontaneous)



\subsubsection{Foreign Ownership, State Ownership}
What percent of this firm is owned by each of the following: SHOW CARD 2
\begin{itemize}
\item Private domestic individuals, companies or organizations
\item Private foreign individuals, companies or organizations
\item Government/State (IF 100\% TERMINATE)
\item Other
\end{itemize}
\emph{Response:} Percentage for each.
\newline
(INTERVIEWER: CHECK THAT TOTAL SUMS TO 100\%)




\subsubsection{Export Orientation}

In fiscal year 2007, what percent of this establishment's sales were: SHOW CARD 6
\newline
(INTERVIEWER: THESE MUST BE ASKED IN THE ORDER THEY APPEAR ON THE TABLE)
\begin{itemize}
\item National sales
\item Indirect exports (sold domestically to third party that exports products)
\item Direct exports
\end{itemize}
\emph{Response:} Percentage for each.
\newline
(INTERVIEWER: CHECK THAT TOTAL SUMS TO 100\%)



\subsubsection{Regulatory Burden}
In a typical week over the last year, what percentage of total senior management's time was spent on dealing with requirements imposed by government regulations? [By senior management I mean managers, directors, and officers above direct supervisors of production/sales workers. Some examples of government regulations are taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing and registration, including dealings with officials and completing forms]
\newline
\emph{Response:} Percent Senior management's time spent on dealing with regulations/No time was spent/Don't know (spontaneous)

\subsubsection{Firm Age}
In what year did this establishment begin operations?
\newline
\emph{Response:} Year establishment began operations

\subsubsection{Firm Size}
At the end of fiscal year 2007, how many permanent, full-time employees did this establishment employ? Please include all employees and managers (INTERVIEWER: include interviewee if applicable). (INTERVIEWER: Permanent, full-time employees are defined as all paid employees that are contracted for a term of one or more fiscal years and/or have a guaranteed renewal of their employment contract and that work 8 or more hours per day.)
\newline
\emph{Response:} Number Permanent, full-time employees end of last fiscal year/Don't know (spontaneous)


\subsubsection{Subsidiary}
Establishment is part of a larger firm?
\newline
\emph{Response:} Yes/No, a firm on its own 







\end{document}

